From "Hustlin' Blues" to "Strange Fruit"
African Musical Retentions
in the Evolution of Jazz Singing Style
circa 1920-1945
Dr. Ann G. P. Solberg and Elizabeth McQueary
Funded by the Appalachian College Association, Summer 1997
Internet
"Billie Holiday-Lady Day." April 2, 1997. http://www.ladyday.net (June 1997). Billie Holiday homepage. Cuomo, Jim. "African-American Baseline Essay-Music." 1995. http: //www.teleport.com/~repmail/af-am-mu.html#list (June 1997). Extensive list of links to brief biographies on various jazz musicians including Louie Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday, and more. "Ella Fitzgerald 1917-1996." 1996. http://www.jazzcentralstation. com/jcs/station/musicexp/artists/ella/index.html (June 1997). Perhaps the most indepth website containing information on Ella Fitzgerald. Includes an extensive biography, numerous reviews, a discography, soundbites, tribute page, and an obituary. Also provides links to other websites with pertinent information. "Ella Fitzgerald." 1994-1997. http://www.yahoo.com/Entertainment /Music/Artists/By_Genre/Jazz/Vocalists/Fitzgerald__Ella__1917_1996_/ (June 1997). Yahoo search engine which gives headings for several articles concerning Ella Fitzgerald. "Ella Fitzgerald." 1995. http://www.netsrq.com/~dbois/fitzgerald. html (June 1997). Brief biographical information on Ella Fitzgerald. Garner, Jack. "Biography, Sounds, Images." http://www.seas. columbia .edu/~tts6/ella.html (June 1997). Contains links to an obituary from USA Today, sound bites, and pictures of Ella Fitzgerald. Germuska, Joe. "The Styles of Jazz." 1995. http://www.acns. nwu. edu/jazz/styles/ (June 1997). An under-construction site which can potentially have extensive information on the evolution of jazz from Ragtime to Free Funk. "Impulse Talk." 1995. http://www.mca.com/grp/impulse/artists/ fitzgerald.rel.html (June 1997). Decca recordings by Ella Fitzgerald, containing a list of the songs on these albums. "Jazz/ Blues/R&B." http://www.look smart.com/r?lvp&e129540 (June 1997). Provides linkage to various sites covering most jazz and blues performers. Lambert, J. and R. Schwager. "Jazz Gurls." June 18, 1997. http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/2124/jazzgrrl.htm (June 1997). Provides a links to over two hundred female jazz musicians. Although mostly contemporary, noteworthy are the articles on Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday. Micham, Laura. "Women In Music." Nov. 1995. http://scriptorium. lib.duke.edu/women/mublues. html (June 1997). A bibliography of books covering female blues musicians Morgenstern, Dan and William Ruhlm. "Billie Holiday." Artist Biography. 1997. http://mb1.musicblvd.com/cgi-bin/tw/191095865619303_105_109085 (June 1997). Biography on Billie Holiday. Pfeffer, Murray L. "The Blues Traditions." A Dixieland Jazz Overview. 1994-1997. http://cnct.com/home/mlp/JO.html#Blues (June1997). Gives a brief overview on the history of African-American females in the blues and jazz scene and links to biographical sketches on specific musicians such as Alberta Hunter, Bessie Smith, and Ida Cox. Zegree, Steve. "A Vocal Jazz Discography." 1997. http://mb1.musicblvdcom/cgi-bin/tw/191095865619303_105_830602 (June 1997). Provides discographies on several prominent jazz performers: Mel Torme, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Anita O' Day, Sarah Vaughan, and Carmen McRae.
Berea College Music Dept. Home Page | Berea College Home Page
Copyright © 1997, Berea College
Modified: 7/2/02
URL: www.Berea.edu/MUS/Solberg/Jazz/Inter.html
Information prepared by Dr. Ann Solberg Ann_Solberg@Berea.edu.
Page maintained by Sandy Bolster, Instructional Computing Coordinator, Sandy_Bolster@Berea.edu.